Treatment of Patients with Recently Exacerbated Schizophrenia with Paliperidone Palmitate: A Pilot Study of Efficacy and Tolerability.

BACKGROUND: Paliperidone palmitate is a long-acting, second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) indicated for the treatment of acute exacerbations and maintenance treatment of adults with schizophrenia. This study addressed the response to paliperidone palmitate in Latin American patients with acute symptoms and recently diagnosed schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: Explore the efficacy and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate administered once a month for 4 months in patients with acute phase and recent diagnosis (within 1-6 years) of schizophrenia in 3 Latin American countries. METHODS: This was a non-randomized, open-label, multicenter study with paliperidone palmitate injected intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle at an initial loading dose of 150 mg eq. (234 mg) on day 1 and 100 mg eq. (156 mg) on day 8 (± 4 days). The recommended maintenance dose was 75 mg eq. (117 mg) from day 36 to day 92. Efficacy was evaluated with PANSS and CGI-S. The last observation carried forward (LOCF) was used for efficacy analysis for imputation of missing data; no adjustments were made for multiplicity. Adverse events were evaluated during treatment. RESULTS: The patient retention rate was 84.0% (144 patients received study drug; 121 finished the study). The percentage of patients with a reduction of at least 30% in PANSS total score compared to baseline gradually increased during the study, and at the end, 78.4% of patients showed response. The PANSS total score and CGI-S scores decreased significantly from baseline to LOCF endpoint (P <0.0001 for both); significant reduction in PANSS total score was observed at day 8 and persisted to the end of the study. Most common adverse events were muscle rigidity (11.8%), akathisia (11.1%), injection-site pain (7.6%), weight gain (7.6%), and insomnia (7.6%). CONCLUSION: Paliperidone palmitate was efficacious in Latin American patients studied with an acute exacerbation and recent diagnosis of schizophrenia, and no new safety signals were identified.

Willingness to Pay in Caregivers of Patients Affected by Schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a debilitating disorder that often requires the affected individual to receive care from a caregiver. Willingness to Pay (WTP) technique allows a valuation of the health state preferences by assessing the impact of the disease and translating it into monetary terms. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The objective was to determine the WTP of schizophrenic patients' caregivers on a hypothetical recovery scenario and correlate it to socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, Knowledge of Disease, Quality of life and Burden of Disease. METHODS: A convenience sample consecutively assessed 189 outpatients' caregivers from Schizophrenia Program of Federal University of Sao Paulo. A single caregiver was considered for each patient, taking into consideration their close relationship and their direct involvement in the treatment. Open WTP questionnaire for a hypothetical schizophrenia recovery scenario, KAST (Knowledge of Disease), SF-6D (Quality of life) and ZBI-22 (Burden of Disease) scales were applied. RESULTS: A monthly WTP mean value (SD) of US\USD 63.63 (111.88) was found. The average value (SD) found was 12.96 (2.45) on KAST, 0.78 (0.08) on SF6D and 29.91 (16.10) on ZARIT. Income, education, social class, knowledge of disease and burden of caregiver were positively correlated to the WTP value. By linear regression model, income and education remained significant. CONCLUSION: Willingness to Pay (WTP) is a method that can be used to determine the strength of preference of patients and caregivers for a recovery in schizophrenia. The higher the income and education, the higher the willingness to pay. No clinical characteristics of patients had a statistically significant relation to the value the caregiver would pay. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES: WTP is a potentially useful tool to determine values and health care preferences, and can be used for the development of mental health policies. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Future research should be used to enhance WTP tool in mental health studies on the impact of diseases, including schizophrenia.

Direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in health care services in the city of São Paulo / Custo direto médico-hospitalar de recaída em esquizofrenia em serviços de saúde na cidade de São Paulo / Costo directo médico-hospitalario de recaída en esquizofrenia en servicios de salud en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, sureste de Brasil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o custo direto médico-hospitalar da recaída em esquizofrenia, em serviços em saúde mental. MÉTODOS: Estudo conduzido em três serviços de saúde da cidade de São Paulo: um hospital público estadual, um hospital contratado conveniado ao Sistema Único de Saúde e um centro de atenção psicossocial. Foram analisados 90 prontuários de pacientes portadores de esquizofrenia atendidos durante o ano de 2006. Os recursos utilizados durante a permanência dos pacientes nos serviços foram obtidos e valorados para cálculos das estimativas. RESULTADOS: O custo direto médico-hospitalar médio da recaída em esquizofrenia, por paciente, foi de R$ 8.167,58 (US$ 4,083.50) no hospital público estadual, R$ 4.605,46 (US$ 2,302.76) no centro de atenção psicossocial e de R$ 2.397,74 (US$ 1,198.50) no hospital conveniado. O principal componente foi o custo com diárias (87 por cento a 98 por cento). O custo com medicação diferiu quanto à utilização de antipsicóticos típicos ou atípicos. O uso de atípicos foi maior no centro de atenção psicossocial. CONCLUSÕES: O investimento em medicações antipsicóticas e em estratégias que diminuam a recaída e a necessidade de diárias nos serviços, especialmente hospitalares, são justificáveis pela proporção dos custos que estas representam. Tratar a recaída no centro de atenção psicossocial apresentou um custo intermediário, com o benefício de não privar o paciente do convívio familiar.

OBJECTIVE: To assess direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in mental health services.METHODS: The study was conducted in three health facilities in the city of São Paulo: a public state hospital; a Brazilian National Health System (SUS)-contracted hospital; and a community mental health center. Medical records of 90 patients with schizophrenia who received care in 2006 were reviewed. Information on inpatient expenditures was collected and used for cost estimates.RESULTS: Mean direct medical cost of schizophrenia relapses per patient was US$ 4,083.50 (R$ 8,167.58) in the public state hospital; US$ 2,302.76 (R$ 4,605.46) in the community mental health center; and US$ 1,198.50 (R$ 2,397.74) in the SUS-affiliated hospital. The main component was daily inpatient room rates (87% - 98%). Medication costs varied depending on the use of typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs were more often used in the community mental health center. CONCLUSIONS: Costs associated with schizophrenia relapses support investments in antipsychotic drugs and strategies to reduce disease relapse and the need for mental health inpatient services. Treating patients in a community mental health center was associated with medium costs and added the benefit of not depriving these patients from family life.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el costo directo médico-hospitalario de la recaída en esquizofrenia, en servicios en salud mental. MÉTODOS: Estudio conducido en tres servicios de salud de la ciudad de Sao Paulo (Sureste de Brasil): un hospital público estatal, un hospital contratado en convenio con el Sistema Único de Salud, y un centro de atención psicosocial. Se analizaron 90 prontuarios de pacientes portadores de esquizofrenia atendidos durante el año de 2006. Los recursos utilizados durante la permanencia de los pacientes en los servicios fueron obtenidos y valorados para cálculos de las estimaciones. RESULTADOS: El costo directo médico-hospitalario promedio de la recaída en esquizofrenia, por paciente, fue de US$ 4,083.50 (R$ 8.167,58) en el hospital público estatal; US$ 2,302.76 (R$ 4.605,46) en el centro de atención psicosocial y de US$ 1,198.50 (R$ 2.397,74) en el hospital con convenio. El principal componente fue el costo por día (87% a 98%). El costo con medicación difirió con relación a la utilización de antipsicóticos típicos o atípicos, siendo mayor en el centro de atención psicosocial, el mayor uso de atípicos. CONCLUSIONES: La inversión en medicamentos antipsióticos y en estrategias que disminuyan la recaída y la necesidad de pagos diarios en los servicios, especialmente hospitalarios, son justificables por la proporción de los costos que estas representan. Tratar la recaída en el centro de atención psicosocial presentó un costo intermedio, con el beneficio de no privar al paciente de la convivencia familiar.

Direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in health care services in the city of São Paulo.

OBJECTIVE: To assess direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in mental health services. METHODS: The study was conducted in three health facilities in the city of São Paulo: a public state hospital; a Brazilian National Health System (SUS)-contracted hospital; and a community mental health center. Medical records of 90 patients with schizophrenia who received care in 2006 were reviewed. Information on inpatient expenditures was collected and used for cost estimates. RESULTS: Mean direct medical cost of schizophrenia relapses per patient was US$ 4,083.50 (R$ 8,167.58) in the public state hospital; US$ 2,302.76 (R$ 4,605.46) in the community mental health center; and US$ 1,198.50 (R$ 2,397.74) in the SUS-affiliated hospital. The main component was daily inpatient room rates (87% - 98%). Medication costs varied depending on the use of typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs were more often used in the community mental health center. CONCLUSIONS: Costs associated with schizophrenia relapses support investments in antipsychotic drugs and strategies to reduce disease relapse and the need for mental health inpatient services. Treating patients in a community mental health center was associated with medium costs and added the benefit of not depriving these patients from family life.

Estudos farmacoeconômicos e carga da doença em esquizofrenia / Overview about pharmacoeconomics analysis and burden-of-illness in schizophrenia

CONTEXTO: A preocupação com a saúde e os benefícios das terapêuticas ao paciente continua sendo o foco da medicina, mas conhecer os custos envolvidos e fazer a gestão dos recursos disponíveis é fundamental na atualidade. OBJETIVO: Este artigo pretende fazer uma revisão sobre alguns conceitos utilizados nos estudos farmacoeconômicos, tais como tipos de custos (diretos, indiretos, intangíveis), tipos de análises econômicas e carga de doença na esquizofrenia. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão na base de dados Medline sobre os principais estudos farmacoeconômicos realizados em esquizofrenia. RESULTADOS: Foram detalhados estudos sobre custos na esquizofrenia realizados nos EUA em 2002, Canadá em 2004 e Inglaterra 2004/2005, com destaque para o único estudo brasileiro realizado até agora, referente ao ano de 1998. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos estimam uma pesada carga da esquizofrenia para a sociedade, alertando para a importância desses achados quanto às questões econômicas e de política de saúde.

BACKGROUND: The concern with the health and the benefits of the therapeutical ones to the patient continues being the focus of the medicine, but to know the costs involved and to make the management of the available resources are basic in the present time. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews some concepts used in the pharmacoeconomics studies such as types of costs (direct, indirect, intangible costs), types of economic analyses as well as the burden of illness. METHOD: Search at Medline database of the main pharmacoeconomics studies carried out on schizophrenia. RESULTS: We had been detailing studies on costs in the schizophrenia developed in USA in 2002, Canada in 2004 and England 2004/2005, as well as the single Brazilian study carried out in 1998. CONCLUSION: The studies show a heavy burden-of-illness in schizophrenia for the society, alerting for the importance of these findings to the economic questions and of politics of health.

Attitudes of Brazilian psychiatrists toward people with epilepsy.

The purpose of this survey was to evaluate the experience of Brazilian psychiatrists in treatment, formal training, attitudes, and knowledge with respect to epilepsy (and associated mental disorders). One hundred fifty-seven Brazilian psychiatrists completed a specially developed questionnaire. Most (95%) had previously treated patients with epilepsy and mental disorders. About one-third (35%) admitted a lack of any formal training in epilepsy, and only 46% confirmed having received some formal training in mental disorders related to epilepsy. Eighty percent were dissatisfied with their knowledge. Three knowledge-based questions were answered correctly by only 10%. Almost half (48%) admitted that among psychiatrists, prejudice exists toward patients with epilepsy. Difficulties with treatment (50%) and lack of knowledge of epilepsy (50%) were considered the main causes of such prejudice. These data indicate an urgent need for improvement in education on epilepsy and associated mental disorders, as well as inclusion of formal epilepsy training in psychiatry residency programs.